|
|
BY
NG WEI KHIANG
SELVA PONIAH
JULY 30, 2003
FOR
OSH DEPARTMENT
MALAYSIAN TRADES
UNION CONGRESS
Contents
| |
Page |
| |
|
|
1.0 Introduction |
3 |
|
|
|
|
2.0 Background of SMEs in Malaysia |
7 |
|
|
|
|
3.0 OSH In SMEs
|
7 |
|
|
|
|
4.0 OSH Initiative
for SMEs |
8 |
|
4.1 Legislation and Policy |
8 |
|
4.2 Training & Promotional
Activities |
8 |
|
4.3 OSH Studies in SMEs |
9 |
|
4.4 The DOSH “Stick & Carrot” Approach |
10 |
|
4.5 The Partnership Program |
10 |
|
|
|
|
5.0 Conclusion & Recommendations |
11 |
|
|
|
|
6.0 References |
12 |
| |
|
1.0 Introduction
Service sector is generally defined
as the provision or system of supplying a public need, e.g. transportation,
supply of water, gas, electricity, communication etc. There are 11 industrial types based on the SOCSO
classification. Among them, seven can be classified as service sectors:
(i) Electricity, gas, water & sanitary service, (ii) Construction,
(iii) Trading, (iv) Transportation, (v) Financial Institution and
Insurance, (vi) Services, and (vii) Public Services.
In terms of economy contribution,
the service sector has contributed RM 140,224 million which is about
60% of the GDP in 2003. Among the service sector, the significant
GDP contributors are (i) Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, (ii) Finance,
insurance, real estate and business services, and (iii) Transport,
storage and communications.
Table
1. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY INDUSTRIAL ORIGIN (RM Million)
| |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003* |
| Agriculture,
forestry and fishing |
17,415 |
17,596 |
17,943 |
18,269 |
18,478 |
19,114 |
| Mining
and quarrying |
14,425 |
15,344 |
15,641 |
15,892 |
16,217 |
16,629 |
| Manufacturing |
50,899 |
56,841 |
67,717 |
63,536 |
66,805 |
72,470 |
| Construction |
7,333 |
6,926 |
6,996 |
7,159 |
7,434 |
7,772 |
| Electricity, gas and water |
6,329 |
7,078 |
8,226 |
8,792 |
9,429 |
10,140 |
| Transport, storage and communications |
14,873 |
15,354 |
17,036 |
18,317 |
19,301 |
20,467 |
| Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants |
28,565 |
29,383 |
30,806 |
31,742 |
32,937 |
34,584 |
| Finance, insurance, real estate and business services |
23,346 |
24,976 |
26,064 |
28,548 |
30,902 |
33,267 |
| Government services |
13,278 |
14,055 |
14,395 |
15,058 |
15,712 |
16,426 |
| Other services |
15,061 |
15,447 |
15,845 |
16,306 |
16,835 |
17,568 |
| Less: Imputed bank service charges |
13,734 |
14,876 |
15,873 |
17,902 |
20,024 |
22,138 |
| Add:
Import duties |
4,430 |
5,319 |
4,742 |
4,762 |
5,373 |
6,176 |
| GDP
at market prices |
182,221 |
193,422 |
209,538 |
210,480 |
219,400 |
232,477 |
*
Estimated by the Ministry of Finance
Source: Economic Report
2002/2003 - Ministry of Finance, Malaysia.
The service sector that has the highest
number of employees is Services (including public service), 24.5%,
followed by Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants,
16.7% and Transport, storage and communications, 6.4%.
Table 2. Registered Employers
and Employees by Economic Sectors in 2001.
| |
Registered Employers |
Registered Employee |
| |
Frequency |
% |
Frequency |
% |
| Agriculture,
forestry and fishing |
16,459 |
3.7 |
261,924 |
5.0 |
| Mining
and quarrying |
2,788 |
0.6 |
54955 |
1.0 |
| Manufacturing |
63,043 |
14.2 |
1,545,773 |
29.2 |
| Electricity, gas and water |
1,671 |
0.4 |
33,993 |
0.6 |
| Construction |
42,496 |
9.6 |
321,918 |
6.1 |
| Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants |
108,097 |
24.4 |
884,165 |
16.7 |
| Transport, storage and communications |
24,481 |
5.5 |
335,996 |
6.4 |
| Finance, insurance, real estate and business services |
10,403 |
2.3 |
188,801 |
3.6 |
| Services (including public services) |
146,768 |
33.1 |
1,297,949 |
24.5 |
| Other services |
404 |
0.1 |
7,374 |
0.1 |
| Activities
not adequately defined |
27,294 |
6.1 |
354,725 |
6.8 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| Total |
443,904 |
100 |
5,287,573 |
100 |
Source: SOCSO, 2001.
Given that service sector covers
a wide range of services, the OSH issues and
challenges are diverse. The majority of this sector are small and
medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Local researchers have carried
out a number of OSH study in
this sector and the government initiative has also been targeting
on the SMEs. This is due to the findings that SMEs contributed about
80% of the accidents at the workplace and was the main cause of
the plateau in the SOCSO accident statistic.
The specific OSH issues in
the Service sector are highlighted in Table 3. At one glance,
site hazards are related to the Construction and Electricity, Gas
and Water Sectors such as heavy machinery handling, falling from
height, hot work, confined spaces and many others which required
skilled and competency in handling the hazards. Finance, Insurance,
Real Estate and business services; Wholesale and Retail Trade, Hotels
and Restaurants; and Transport, Storage and Communications are more
“indoor” thus the hazards are related to office such as ergonomic,
manual handling and fire with commuting hazard as a main concern
for the Transport sector.
Table
3. Common OSH Issues
in the Service Sector.
| Type of Service Sector |
OSH Issues |
| Electricity,
gas and water |
General
site safety, such as falling from height, hot work, material
handling. |
|
Construction |
General
site safety such as falling from height, hot work, material
handling and lifting, and heavy machinery safety. |
| Wholesale
and retail trade, hotels and restaurants |
Generally,
commuting safety. For hotel and restaurant, OSH issues are related to
kitchen safety. |
| Transport,
storage and communications |
Generally
commuting safety. Others are material handling and ergonomic. |
| Finance,
insurance, real estate and business services |
Generally,
commuting and office safety such as sitting posture, work
stress and fire hazard. |
| Services
(including public services) |
Generally,
office safety such as sitting posture, work stress and fire
hazard. |
| |
|
From Table 4, Wholesale and Retail Trade, Hotels and Restaurants
(commerce) reported 13,774
cases of workplace accident which is the highest within the Service
Sector in 2001, followed by Civil Services, 7487 cases and Services
(real estate, professional services, equipment rental and leasing),
5950 cases.
Although the Wholesale
and Retail Trade, Hotels and Restaurants (commerce) has the highest
reported accidents in 2001, however, in terms of case fatality,
Electricity,
gas, water & sanitary service has the highest case fatality
(26.1%) followed by Transportation, 20.8% and Construction, 19.8%.
Comparing to industrial average of 11.1% and other sectors such
as manufacturing and agricultural on case fatality, Service sector
is much more higher.
Table 4. Distribution of Accidents and Fatality Frequency by Sectors
|
Industry
|
Indicator |
1977 |
1980 |
1985 |
1990 |
2000 |
2001 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Agricultural, forestry &
fishing |
Accidents
Fatality
Case fatality
|
374
7
18.7 |
5,550
5
0.9 |
1961
38
1.9 |
3897
134
3.4 |
11893
115
9.6 |
12424
75
6.0 |
|
Mining & quarrying |
Accidents
Fatality
Case fatality
|
924
11
11.9 |
1640
18
10.9 |
1563
21
13.4 |
2644
12
4.5 |
626
11
17.5 |
573
7
12.2 |
|
Manufacturing & processing |
Accidents
Fatality
Case fatality
|
28,068
30
1.0 |
31,801
36
1.1 |
28,592
54
1.8 |
54,925
86
1.5 |
41,331
282
6.8 |
35,642
243
6.8 |
|
Electricity, gas, water &
sanitary service |
Accidents
Fatality
Case fatality
|
179
1
5.5 |
177
3
16.9 |
106
6
56.6 |
860
2
2.3 |
537
8
14.8 |
499
13
26.1 |
|
Construction |
Accidents
| | |
