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Source: Department of The
total National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) amounts to RM 385
billion (RM 3.80 =1 USD). Services and manufacturing sectors contribute
to a total of 72.4% of the GDP (Table 2). Table
2:
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| Type of
Sector |
Product
in RM (million) |
% of Total |
| |
|
|
|
Services |
162,303 |
42.1 |
|
Manufacturing |
116,814 |
30.3 |
|
Mining & quarrying |
34,746 |
9.0 |
|
Agricultural, forestry & fishing |
29,243 |
7.6 |
|
Impacted bank service charge |
22,307 |
5.8 |
|
Construction |
14,080 |
3.7 |
| Import duties |
5827 |
1.5 |
| Total |
385,320 |
100 |
Source: Department of
Total export
in the year 2000 was RM 213 billion. Electrical and electronics
export were the major contributors (66%) (Table 3).
Table 3.
| Type of
Sector |
Product
in RM (million) |
% of Total |
| |
|
|
|
Electrical
and electronics |
141,100 |
66.0 |
|
Other manufactured goods ad articles |
31,192 |
14.6 |
|
Palm oil |
10,902 |
5.1 |
|
Crude petroleum |
8930 |
4.2 |
|
Liquid natural gas |
8520 |
4.0 |
|
Articles of apparel, clothing accessories |
5930 |
2.8 |
|
Sawn logs and timber |
2886 |
1.3 |
|
Plywood & veneer |
2906 |
1.3 |
| Rubber |
1454 |
0.7 |
| Total |
385,320 |
100 |
Source: Department of
In
1960s, the government implemented a policy to move towards industrialization.
This resulted in an increasing number of workers in the manufacturing
sector such as microelectronics, chemical and mineral based industries,
and in later years textile and automobile industries. In order
to manage the safety and health problems associated with manufacturing
industries, the Factory and Machinery Act (FMA) was enacted in
1967 and enforced by the Factories and Machinery Department (previously
known as Machinery Department). This Act and the regulations were the cornerstone
for
A number of regulations were introduced in 1970 to further strengthen the FMA 1967 (Table 4). These regulations except for the Safety, Health and Welfare Regulation 1970 were primarily targeted in addressing safety problems. Provisions of first aid and welfare facilities e.g. drinking water, toilets and washing facility were included in the Safety, Health and Welfare Regulation 1970. From 1984 to 1989, four pieces of regulations addressing specific health hazards in the workplace – lead, asbestos, noise and mineral dust – were introduced. Provisions for assessing exposure at the workplace; establishing permissible exposure level (PEL); control measures including medical and health surveillance provisions; competence and training program were common to all these regulations. However, the process of introducing regulations covering other health hazard was slow.
Table 4.
List of regulations made under the FMA 1967.
| Regulations |
Year |
| |
|
|
Certificate of Competency-Examination |
1970 |
|
Electric Passenger and Good Lift |
1970 |
|
Fencing of Machinery and Safety |
1970 |
|
Notification of Fitness and Inspections |
1970 |
|
Person-In-Charge |
1970 |
|
Safety, Health & Welfare |
1970 |
|
Steam Boiler & Unfired Pressure Vessel |
1970 |
|
Administration |
1970 |
|
Compounding of Offences |
1978 |
|
Compoundable Offences |
1978 |
|
Lead |
1984 |
|
Asbestos Process |
1986 |
|
Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction
(Safety) |
1986 |
|
Noise Exposure |
1989 |
|
Mineral Dust |
1989 |
| |
|
Source: Factory
& Machinery Act, 1967.
The introduction
of a comprehensive Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994
was in response to the need to cover a wider employee base and
newer hazards introduced in the workplace. Developed countries
such as
The
Act was derived from the philosophy of the Roben’s Commission
and Health & Safety At Work Act 1974 in
A series of
regulations have been introduced under OSHA 1994. The emphasis
of these regulations has been on establishing mechanism to implement
The Control
of Industrial Major Accident Hazards (CIMAH) Regulations 1996
was enacted in response indirectly to the
The Classification,
Packaging and Labeling (CPL) Regulations 1997 and Use and Standard
of Exposure of Chemical Hazardous to Health (USECHH) Regulations
2000 were specific for controlling chemicals at the workplace.
The CPL regulation required proper packaging and labeling of chemicals
by the supplier including the label giving risk phrases. The USECHH
regulation includes the provision of chemical health risk assessor
(CHRA), occupational health doctor (OHD) and industrial hygiene
technician to perform their respective roles in assessing the
health risk from chemical exposure. In particular, the chemical
health risk assessment includes having a list of all chemicals,
assessing workers exposure to these risks, deciding on acceptability
of risks and control measures that exist are reviewed. If risks
are found to be unacceptable, action needs to be taken. This regulation
leads to increased training needs, which was offered by NIOSH.
Guideline on Chemical Health Risk Assessment has also been issued.
Table 5 showed the regulations made under OSHA 1994. Guidelines
and Code of Practices which have been issued by DOSH under the
OSHA 1994 are shown in Table 6.
Table 5. The regulation made under OSHA 1994.
| Regulation |
Year |
| Employer’s Safety and Health General Policy Statement (Exception) |
1995 |
|
Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards |
1996 |
|
Safety and Health Committee |
1996 |
|
Classification, Packaging, and Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals |
1997 |
|
Safety and Health Officer |
1997 |
|
Safety and Health Officer Order |
1997 |
|
Prohibition of Use of Substance |
1999 |
|
Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health |
2000 |
| |
|
Source: OSHA, 1994.
| Regulation |
Year |
| Guidelines for Public Safety and Health at Construction Site |
1994 |
|
Guidelines on First Aid Facilities in the Workplace |
1996 |
|
Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in the Office |
1996 |
|
Guidelines for the Classification of Hazardous Chemicals |
1997 |
|
Guidelines for Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals |
1997 |
|
Guidelines for the Formulation of a Chemical Safety Data
Sheet |
1997 |
|
Guidelines on Control of Exposure to Dust in the Wood Processing
Industry |
1998 |
|
Guidelines on Safety and Health in the Wood Processing Industry |
1998 |
|
Guidelines on Reduction of Exposure to Noise in the Wood
Processing Industry |
1998 |
|
Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in Tunnel Construction |
1998 |
|
Guidelines for the Preparation of Demonstration of Safe Operation
Document (Storage of Liquified Petroleum Gas in Cylinder) |
2001 |
|
Guidelines on Medical Surveillance |
2001 |
|
Approved Code of Practice for Safe Working in a Confined
Space |
2001 |
|
Approved Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS in Workplace. |
2001 |
|
Guidance for the Prevention of Stress and Violence at the
Workplace |
2001 |
|
Code of Practice on Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS
at the Workplace |
2001 |
|
Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health for Standing
at Work |
2002 |
|
Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in Agriculture |
2002 |
| |
|
Source: DOSH,
An
ILO convention is considered a multilateral
international treaty, and contains binding obligations. Member
countries on ratifying a convention are obliged to apply its provision
by legislation or by other appropriate means as
indicated in the text of the convention. Report on non-compliance
may be made by the governments of other ratifying States or by
employers’ or workers’ organizations. Procedures exist for investigating
and acting upon such complaints. Usually, Trade Unions use ILO
standards to support arguments in bargaining and promoting legislation.
In the other hands, ILO recommendations are a form of guideline for action to
be taken by member country which do not require reporting to ILO. The reason why
ILO-Japan
Institute for Science and Labor (ISC) initiative such as the Workplace
Improvement for Small Enterprise (WISE) project in 1997 was another
case where collaboration between local authority and ILO regional
office was carried out. This project was specifically targeted
to improve
Table 7.
ILO Conventions Ratified by
| Convention
Code |
Title of
Convention |
Date |
| |
|
|
|
Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) |
11.11.1957
|
|
|
Recruiting of Indigenous Workers Convention, 1936 (No. 50)
|
11.11.1957
|
|
|
Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention,
1939 (No. 64) |
11.11.1957
|
|
|
Penal Sanctions (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939 (No. 65)
|
11.11.1957
|
|
|
Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)
|
13.10.1958
|
|
|
Protection of Wages Convention, 1949 (No. 95) |
17.11.1961
|
|
|
Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949
(No. 98) |
5.06.1961
|
|
|
Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81) |
1.07.1963
|
|
|
Employment Service Convention, 1948 (No. 88) |
6.06.1974
|
|
|
Guarding of Machinery Convention, 1963 (No. 119) |
6.06.1974
|
|
|
Minimum Age (Underground Work) Convention, 1965 (No. 123).
Minimum age specified: 16 years |
6.06.1974
|
|
|
Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100) |
9.09.1997
|
|
|
Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138). Minimum age
specified: 15 years |
9.09.1997
|
|
|
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)
|
10.11.2000
|
|
|
Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards)
Convention, 1976 (No. 144) |
14.06.2002
|
|
| |
|
|
Source: ILO, 2002.
1.6 Implementation of OSHA 1994
A Survey
carried out by the local researchers showed that 61% of the workplaces
have OSH policies, 83% of workplaces have safety and health committees,
86% of major installation have health and safety management system,
38% of non-major installations have health and safety management
systems and 71% of Chemical Industry Council (CICM) members have
“responsible care” programs. Since the introduction of Safety
Induction for Construction Workers (SICW) was implemented in 1999,
there are 240,000 green card holders up to 2001.
There have also an increasing number of
DOSH has also increased the frequency of inspection
under the Inspection and Audit Program for the small and medium
sized industries from 2002 until 2006. Each year, there will be
about 2500 to 3400 small and medium sized industries scheduled
to be inspected. This is due to the fact that around 90% of the
private business establishments in Malaysia are from the small
and medium sized industries.
Up
to June 30, 2002, there are 3,340 notices of improvement/ prohibition
being issued and 49 has been prosecuted in court (see Table
8).
Institution providing various OSH services
could be the driving force to enhance the implementation of OSHA
1994. These institutions are DOSH; SOCSO; Workers and Environmental
Health Unit, Ministry of Health; NIOSH; Universities; Society
of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Malaysia Medical Association
(MMA); Malaysian Society for Occupational Safety and Health (MSOSH);
Malaysian Occupational Health Nurses Association (MOHNA);OSH Department
in Malaysian Trades Union Congress (MTUC); Various consumer and
environmental groups such as Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM) and Consumer
Association of Penang (CAP).
Table 8. Total Number of Notices of Improvement/Prohibition
and Prosecution Issued by DOSH.
| Notices |
Prosecution |
Year |
| |
|
|
|
557 |
97 |
1995 |
|
929 |
27 |
1996 |
|
1046 |
80 |
1997 |
|
931 |
65 |
1998 |
|
822 |
11 |
1999 |
|
1023 |
22 |
2000 |
|
4797 |
58 |
2001 |
|
3340 |
49 |
2002 |
| |
|
|
Source: NST, 2002
2.0
Occupational Accident and Diseases Statistics
2.1 Overview
In Malaysia, the Employees Social Security Act 1969 empowers
SOCSO to administer two schemes to compensate Malaysia workers
who are earning less than RM2,000 for employment injury (which
includes occupational diseases) and invalidity from any cause.
Under the Employment Injury Insurance Scheme (EIIS), workers who
are on four days away from work due to work related or occupational
commuting accident is eligible for the benefits. The benefits
cover medical benefits, temporary disablement benefits, permanent
disablement benefit, constant attendance allowance, rehabilitation
(artificial limb and other appliances), dependants’ benefit, funeral
benefit and educational loan benefit. The Invalidity Pension Scheme
is a non-occupational related scheme and is for member who has
suffered from invalidity of a specific morbid condition of permanent
nature and is unable to engage in any substantially gainful activity.
To be eligible for the benefit, the member must be less than 55
years old and have made at least 24 contributions out of 40 months
prior to the notice of invalidity, or in the case less than 24
contributions, there must be contributions for at least two-thirds
of the total months. The benefits under this scheme include invalidity
pension, provision of constant attendance allowance, rehabilitation
benefits, funeral benefit, survivors’ benefit and educational
loan benefits.
The Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and the
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1974 require all cases of occupational
injuries or diseases to be reported to the Department of Occupational
Safety and Health (DOSH). In 1993, all foreign workers were excluded
from the SOCSO scheme and administered by the Department of Labor
under Workmen Compensation Act 1952, with the private insurance
company provide the insurance coverage.
2.2 Accident
Statistics and Trends
SOCSO statistic which comprises all the active and registered
workers are by far the most used source of data for occupational
diseases and accidents in Malaysia. Based on SOCSO statistics,
the number of industrial accident had increased from 51,340 in
1980 to 95,006 in 2000. Similarly, the number of industrial fatalities
had also increased from 143 in 1980 to 1004 in 2000 (Table
9). This is mainly an evidence of the increased number of
people covered under SOCSO.
In terms
of per 1000 workers, the accidents in fact has declined since
1994 and has now hit a plateau at about 15 per 1000 workers in
2000 (Figure 1). This figure is higher than the developed
countries such as Japan, European countries, UK and USA, which
has an average of 5 reported accidents per 1000 worker, and Korea
which represents a developing countries has 9 reported accidents
per 1000 workers in 2000 (Paek et al, 2002). The sharp
decline observed in 1994 could be contributed by the introduction
of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, exclusion of foreign
workers from the SOCSO scheme in 1993 and also during that time,
SOCSO administration had changed the procedure for making compensation
claim. The present plateau of the reported accident rate could
be contributed by the small and medium sized industries which
have poorer OSH resources and higher accident rate.
Injury statistic
in 2000 showed that the highest number of accidents occur in the
manufacturing sector, followed by commerce and agriculture / forestry
/ fishing sectors. In terms of number of fatalities, manufacturing
recorded the highest with 282 cases followed by construction (159)
and commerce sectors (151). This distribution was due to the fact
that manufacturing employs a large population of the workforce.
A comparison of case fatality rates is a better indication of
how hazardous an industry is. The largest case fatality rates
were noted in construction (3.3%), followed by transportation
(2.1%), and mining and quarrying (1.8%) (Table 9).
In 2000,
there were 4 cases of noise-induced hearing loss, 33 cases of
occupational lung diseases, 55 cases of occupational skin diseases
and 115 cases of occupational cancers. However, the workplace
in which these diseases occurred was not documented.
The reporting
of occupational diseases and accidents remains a problem in Malaysia.
Under the Act, medical doctors are required to report to DOSH,
however under reporting continues. These could be due to a number
of factors such as (1) unable to diagnose occupational diseases
or differentiating occupational and non-occupational diseases,
(2) to safeguard the contractual agreement with the company which
might be jeopardized by reporting to DOSH. Under reporting is
more significant in the informal and small and medium sized industries,
where workplace may be more hazardous and OSH awareness is low
(Ng, 2001a).
In 1996,
Ministry of Health under the funding from World Bank has developed
the guidelines for the diagnosis of occupational lung and skin
diseases.
As of commuting
accidents, there were 19,620 cases of commuting accidents in 2000
as compared to 14,771 cases in 1996 which is due to increased
number of workers covered under SOCSO. In terms of per 10,000
workers, the number has increased from 36 per 10,000 workers in
1996 to 40 per 10,000 workers in 2000.
The issues of under reporting and the available of more comprehensive
indicator representing Malaysian occupational accidents and diseases
are noted by the authority. DOSH for example, has started the
exercise to use the total number of employees by adding the total
number of employee registered to the Department of Labor and SOCSO.
For the source of accidents and diseases, it will come from these
two organizations. More efforts are needed to standardize these
statistics in order to make it comparable to other countries.
For example, in the US, the occupational accidents and diseases
are based on prevalent and severity rate per million workers.
There is also initiative by SOCSO to include
the coverage for the self-employed person such as the professional
and sole proprietary, and the rebate system to the employer for
the zero accident reporting at their workplaces. Much of these
still under discussion before it could be implemented.
| Industry |
Indicator |
1977 |
1980 |
1985 |
1990 |
2000 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agricultural,
forestry & fishing |
Accidents Fatality Case fatality |
374 7 18.7 |
5,550 5 0.9 |
1961 38 1.9 |
3897 134 3.4 |
1189 115 9.6 |
|
Mining
& quarrying |
Accidents Fatality Case fatality |
924 11 11.9 |
1640 18 10.9 |
1563 21 13.4 |
2644 12 4.5 |
626 11 17.5 |
|
Manufacturing
& processing |
Accidents Fatality Case fatality |
28,068 30 1.0 |
31,801 36 1.1 |
28,592 54 1.8 |
54,925 86 1.5 |
41,331 282 6.8 |
|
Electricity, gas, water &
sanitary service |
Accidents Fatality Case fatality |
179 1 5.5 |
177 3 16.9 |
106 6 56.6 |
860 2 2.3 |
537 8 14.8 |
|
Construction |
Accidents Fatality Case fatality |
6807 44 6.4 |
3323 16 4.8 |
4069 28 6.8 |
3123 40 12.8 |
4873 159 32.6 |
|
Commerce |
Accidents Fatality Case fatality |
5312 15 2.8 |
4291 12 2.7 |
2843 21 7.3 |
13,893 38 2.7 |
15,452 151 9.7 |
|
Transportation |
Accidents Fatality Case fatality |
2231 25 11.2 |
931 24 25.7 |
1174 32 27.2 |
2800 27 9.6 |
4778 98 20.5 |
|
Financial
& Insurance |
Accidents Fatality Case fatality |
4017 32 7.9 |
3627 29 7.9 |
3763 38 10.0 |
194 3 15.4 |
687 11 16.0 |
|
Services |
Accidents Fatality Case fatality |
- - - |
- - - |
- - - |
569 5 8.7 |
6581 72 10.9 |
|
Civil
Service |
Accidents Fatality Case fatality |
- - - |
- - - |
- - - |
3126 40 12.7 |
8248 97 11.7 |
|
TOTAL |
Accidents Fatality Case fatality |
47,912 165 3.4 |
51,340 143 2.7 |
61,724 238 3.8 |
121,104 387 3.1 |
95,006 1004 10.5 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
Rampal KG, 2002.
Figure 1. Accident per 1,000 workers in Malaysia from
1991 until 2000
|
The Introduction of OSHA 1994

3.0 OSH Profile In Various Sectors
3.1 Construction
Industry
Based on the
SOCSO report in 2000, the case fatality rate in the construction
industry in Malaysia was of more than 3 times of all workplaces
(3.3% in construction sector compared to all workplaces of 1.1%).
The higher incidence of injuries in the construction sector and
the higher fatalities rates among construction workers has generally
due to the fact that construction involves many activities associated
with different hazards, weather condition and different jobs during
the construction phase (Marchel, 1996). This sector is also called
a 3D industry namely dirty, dangerous and dusty.
3.2 Manufacturing
Industry
Under the Malaysia
Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) list of industry, there
are a number of manufacturing industries which are classified
as manufacturing sector. The major manufacturing industries are
electronic industry, automobile industry, textile industry, wood
based industry, steel industry and petrochemical industry. Among
these industries, the electronic industry is the major manufacturing
sector.
3.2.1 Electronics
Industry
Textile industry including the batik industry is known
for the chemical hazards due to dye (Razlan et al, 2002).
There are also cases of exposure to cotton dust and excessive
noise from the weaving and ring spinning sections (Tan,1999).
Automobile industry is known for the OSH problem from the
worker exposure to body strain and pain from material handling
in casting and assembly sections and chemical from the paint shop.
There are also heavy equipments used to make different vehicle
parts and machinery hazards become an important issue (Rampal,
2002).
The first steel factory built in Malaysia was in 1967 by the
name of Malayawata Steel Berhad. Common OSH issues in this industry
are heat stress and material handling. Heat stress is due to the
heat release from molten and slag (Ismail NH, 1996 & Rampal,
2002).
3.2.5 Petro-chemical Industry
The first oil well in Malaysia was discovered by Shell on
Canada Hill in Miri, Sarawak in 1910 (Jaya, 1996). The Petro-chemical
industry is known to be a highly hazardous industry due to the
big quantity of chemical being produced and processed. Some of
these chemicals are toxic to human and also pose safety hazards
such as fire, explosion and toxic release to the air. As such,
this industry is governed by a stringent safety standard including
the requirement to demonstrate safety management system.
3.3 Agricultural Industry
The common hazards for the agricultural industry are chemical
hazards such as pesticide used and biological hazards. Farmers
who used pesticides frequently without proper personal protective
equipment will has reduced bood cholinesterase and the possible
of poor nerve sensitivities (Uttaman, 1997).
3.4 Service Industry
The service industry covers a wide spectrum of sectors such
as hotel, food catering, banking and finance and healthcare providers
such as hospitals.
Common OSH issues among the hotel industries are ergonomic
risk factor, indoor air quality and airborne contaminants such
as Legionnella disease. Office safety is also an important issue
such as trip and fall hazards from loose wire, office machinery
and emergency evacuation.
Food services and catering is a booming business in Malaysia.
The common OSH issues are from the kitchen due to improper use
of kitchen equipment, heat stress and indoor air quality.
Healthcare personnel such as nurses experience occupational
stress, back pain due to forceful bending and possible exposure
to biological hazards such as HIV and hepatitis.
4.0 Conclusion
With the country experiencing greater economic growth, it
is imperative for the government to protect the life of workers.
The implementation and enforcement of the OSHA 1994 is viewed
as a milestone development in the prevention of the occupational
accidents and diseases in the country. The active role of the
Ministry of Human Resources is complemented by other governmental
or non-governmental agencies. By looking at the country’s OSH
performance through accident indicators, there is still place
for improvement in order to achieve the standard as in the developed
countries.
Many initiatives are needed by the government such as increasing
the number of inspection among the factories especially the small
and medium sized industries which are prone to accident. Other
program such as OSH week, National Safety Award and OSH roadshows
which have been carried out are applaudable.
The participation of workers should be encouraged at different
levels such as through the trade union and worker representatives
in the OSH committee. It is good to note that the Danish Project
with the MTUC is a success in promoting OSH at the workplace.
MTUC with the support from SOCSO is now conducting OSH seminars
to disseminate OSH information to the workers. As DOSH is going to launch the OSH-MS based
on ILO-OSH 2001 at the national level, a strong emphasis on worker
participation is needed. It is good to see how worker participation
at the workplace could be increased and enhanced. Increased workers
participation at the company safety and health committee level
is where OSH is going to be strengthened in the future.
With all such efforts working in tandem and at an increasing
scale, it will help to improve OSH status in Malaysia and increase
country productivity and GDP.
5.0 References
Annie FC. (29 Julai 2002). Large firms under scrutiny by
DOSH. New Strait Times, pp1.
ILO.(1991). Profile on occupational safety and health in Malaysia.
ILO: Bangkok.
ILO.(1993). Safety and health in the use of chemical at
work: A training manual. ILO: Switzerland.
Ismail
NH.(1996). Health hazards in the steel mills. In Rampal KG &
Ismail NH (Ed). Occupational safety and health in Malaysia. (pp
108-114). Malaysia:NIOSH.
Jaya S.(1996). The development of occupational health in the
oil industry. In Rampal KG & Ismail NH (Ed). Occupational
safety and health in Malaysia. (pp 43-54). Malaysia:NIOSH.
Lee SH.(1984). Occupational and health hazards with reference
to female workers. Paper presented at the UWA/APDC seminar
on women and employment, Kuala Lumpur.
Lin Vivian.(1986). Health, women’s work and industrialization:
women workers in the semiconductor industry in Singapore and Malaysia.
Unpublished working paper, Dept of Health, New South Wales.
Marshel
R.(1996). Construction safety. In Rampal KG & Ismail NH (Ed).
Occupational safety and health in Malaysia. (pp 43-54). Malaysia:NIOSH.
Ng
WK. (2001a). Definitions and importance of SMIs in Malaysia. Buletin
NIOSH, 8(1):6.
Ng
WK.(2001b). Occupational safety and health of women workers
in semiconductor assembly in relation to chemical exposure.
Master’s thesis. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Ng
WK, Maimunah Khalid.(August 2002). Follow-up Survey of OSH
Performance Among Participating Companies in the WISE Project.
Buletin NIOSH, 9(3): 7-8.
Paek
DY, Hisanage N.(2002). Occupational health in South Korea.
In LaDou J (Ed).Occupational medicine in industrializing countries. (pp 391-408). Philadelphia:Hanley & Belfus,Inc.
Rampal
KG, Aw TC, Jefferelli SB.(2002). Occupational health in Malaysia.
In LaDou J (Ed).Occupational medicine in industrializing countries. (pp 409-425). Philadelphia:Hanley & Belfus,Inc.
Rampal KG.(2002). Reproductive health hazards and its management
in the manufacturing sector. IRPA 06-02-05-7011. Kuala Lumpur:
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